![]() Treatment with mPTP inhibitors rescue mitochondrial function and thermogenesis in NCLX-null BAT, while calcium overload persists. We show that Ca 2+ overload induced by adrenergic stimulation of NCLX-null BAT, triggers the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, leading to a remarkable mitochondrial swelling and cell death. Core body temperature, PET imaging of glucose uptake and VO 2 measurements confirm a thermogenic defect in NCLX-null mice. Adrenergic stimulation of NCLX-null brown adipocytes (BA) induces a profound mitochondrial Ca 2+ overload and impaired uncoupled respiration. Here, we show that adrenergic stimulation of BAT activates a PKA-dependent mitochondrial Ca 2+ extrusion via the mitochondrial Na +/Ca 2+ exchanger, NCLX. To be eligible for sitting the final State Examination, the student must complete all the courses prescribed by the curriculum and accumulate a total of 180 credits for Bachelor's programmes and 120 credits for Masters programmes.A sharp increase in mitochondrial Ca 2+ marks the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, yet the mechanisms preventing Ca 2+ deleterious effects are poorly understood. lower than 60) that the student must obtain to be able to progress to the next stage of the study. The rules governing study at the faculties usually stipulate the minimum credit requirement (i.e. per one academic year (or 30 credits per semester). The optimum scenario is that the student progresses according to the curriculum, which prescribes 60 credits for each stage of the study, i.e. The student acquires the stipulated number of credits for the successful completion of a course unit, irrespective of the grade he/she has received for that unit. Each course unit has been allocated a specific number of credits reflecting the workload necessary for its completion (in proportion to the total workload needed to complete all the course units in the curriculum). Students accumulate credits in the course of their studies. Optional = other course units offered by any of our faculties or even other higher education institutions in the Czech Republic and abroad. Recommended optional = course units are chosen by the student from a predefined set of units according to his/her specialisation and interests. There are three types of courses:Ĭompulsory = core course units that the student must complete to be eligible for sitting the final State Examination. 80 hours of direct instruction per semester)Įvery degree programme is based on a specific curriculum, which sets out its structure: the courses (course units), their sequence, content, form and hours of instruction, and the number of credits allocated to each course unit. of 80 hours of direct instruction per semester)ĭistance form (mainly online max. Moreover, some of our study programmes are offered in different forms of studies:įull-time form (regular everyday attendance according to schedule)Ĭombined form (min. * To start a Direct entry programme, no Bachelor's degree is needed. Long-cycle Master's programmes (undivided typically 5 or 6 years)įollow-up Master's programmes (= post-bachelors typically 2 years) The system is organised as follows:įoundation programmes (from several months to 1 year)īachelor's programmes (typically 3 years) ![]() Our system creates flexible learning pathways between different degree programmes – not only the programmes provided by CU but also programmes run by other universities, including institutions abroad. The system of study at Charles University has been designed to maximise our integration into the international community of higher education institutions (HEIs) and to support student mobility. ![]()
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